INTRODUCTION
When witnessing wrongdoing and sins committed in the name of Islam, the common refrain is, “This is not real Islam!” However, attempts to explain “Real Islam” often miss the mark by not referring to the original source: the Quran.
The so-called “Sharia Law,” today mostly consists of interpretations and judgments by scholars on Quranic verses. Unfortunately, some fundamental mistakes occur because these conclusions don’t follow the method of Hikmah (Wisdom) prescribed in the Quran. Instead, they reflect human-made rules.
Additionally, cultural traditions and superstitions in Muslim-majority countries are sometimes wrongly associated with Islamic rules. As a result, misinformation and prejudice about Islam persist globally.
Our aim here is to provide an overview of the lifestyle prescribed in the Quran—a path designed by the Creator for humanity.
WHICH CRITERIA CAN WE USE TO VERIFY THE ACCURACY OF QUR’AN TRANSLATIONS?
When non-Arabic speakers start reading the Quran to understand Islam and its rulings, a common question arises: “With so many Quran translations and interpretations, some contradicting others, how can we find the correct one that reveals the true meaning to follow?”
Before addressing this question, we should acknowledge that you might also question the accuracy of the information we provide in this article. So, how can you verify the translation of a particular Quranic verse and trust the information we give about certain verses?
Let’s share the method that we, and all believers, should use to understand the Quran:
Throughout history, many errors and misjudgments have been made in the name of Islam, particularly concerning issues like women’s rights, inheritance, marriage, and divorce. This is because scholars often believe they have the authority to explain the Quran in detail. However, only God the Almighty has this authority, and He has done this by providing details of verses within other verses. So, God made the Quran a self-explanatory, self-evident Book, not authorizing anyone else to explain His verses in detail. We are only allowed to derive His explanations using the method taught in the Quran:
“Alif, Lam, Ra. This is a Book whose verses have been made decisive, and in the meantime have been explained in detail by the One Who judges correctly and is All-Aware; so that you shall not be the servants of any other than God. (Oh, Muhammad, say to people:) Indeed, I am the one who warns you with this Book and gives glad tidings to you from It.” (Hud 11:1-2)
This method involves bringing together all verses relevant to a particular matter. When we evaluate all relevant verses together, the rulings become clear, like solving a puzzle.
God refers to this method of deriving explanations as a “science (علم)” in the Quran. Without this method, every scholar could create their interpretations of Quranic verses and falsely attribute their own words to God. However, by examining a topic using the methodology prescribed in the Quran, we can quickly determine whether an interpretation or conclusion is accurate. The Quran provides criteria to distinguish truth from falsehood “so that we shall not be the servants of any other than God”.
For full details and the relevant verses on this science please refer to:
http://www.islamandquran.org/research/the-science-of-explaining-the-quran.html
WHAT ARE SIGNS OF GOD?
There are two types of signs related to God:
1. The words of God in divine books, called “the signs sent down by God” or “verses.”
2. All beings in the universe, called “the signs created by God” or “creation” or “nature.”
The upright religion is naturally known to every uncorrupted human because every human is also a sign of God. Indeed, humans can understand, by correlating Quranic verses with the signs in themselves and their environment, that the Quran is God’s word:
“We will show them Our signs in the environment and within themselves until it becomes manifest to them that this (Qur’an) is the truth.” (Fussilat 41:53)
We, as human beings created by God, remain untainted signs of God as long as we protect ourselves from corruption by avoiding actions that God prohibits or does not recommend.
DID THE BREATH OF LIFE GIVE PHYSICAL LIFE ONLY?
God grants human beings three unique abilities that other creatures do not possess. This occurs when God breathes into the human body from His spirit at a specific developmental stage [1] in the mother’s womb:
“Then God set its equilibrium (as of its organs) and breathed into him from His spirit. So, He made for you listening, foresight, and hearts that make decisions. How little you fulfill your duties!” (As-Sajda 32:9)
The verse above is often mistranslated as “He made for you hearing, eyesight, and hearts.” However, hearing, eyesight, and heart (as an organ or source of feelings) are not exclusive to humans; animals also have them. Yet, there are significant differences between humans and animals due to the abilities God has granted humans by breathing from His spirit. Humans not only hear but also choose what to listen to; not only see but also foresee potential outcomes; and not only have feelings but also make decisions by evaluating information with their minds in correlation with their feelings. That is why people act in a way opposing what the sound mind suggests. Although people think that it is the brain that makes decisions, the heart has the last word. XXXX
The integration of mind and heart is called “lubb” [2] in Arabic, and people who have this integrity are called “ul’ul albab” in the Quran:
“Those who listen to all that is said, and follow the best of it – it is they who God has approved to be on His guidance. It is they who are the people of integrity!” (az-Zumar 39:18).
The translation of “ul’ul albab” as “people of integrity” aligns with the definition of “integrity” in English. Integrity requires the mind to distinguish what is right and the heart (soul) to decide accordingly. Thus, the abilities to listen, foresee, and make decisions using the heart (al-A’raf 7:179, al-Hajj 22:46) differentiate humankind from other creatures.
WHAT IS RELIGION?
God created humankind to live harmoniously with nature. Humans can disrupt this harmony unless they live by certain principles, which God has already established. These principles include the physical, chemical, and biological laws in nature—known as the laws of nature—as well as unchanging moral principles, referred to as natural law [3]. We are required to follow these laws. In the Qur’an, God refers to this body of laws as “fitra,” which can also be translated as “natural order”:
“So set your face duly and steadily to that religion, the natural order (fitra) set by God. He has created humankind in compliance with it. There is nothing to substitute for what God creates. That is the upright religion, but most people do not know.” (Ar-Rum 30:30)
This indicates that religion is not just a belief system but a guide for living a physically and mentally healthy life in harmony with nature.
WHAT IS ISLAM?
Those who avoid wrongdoing by following God’s rules live their lives in the best possible way. They fear nothing but God and do not grieve because they have done their best to achieve good outcomes and have submitted to God, who ensures the best results (al-Kahf 18:44). This leads to self-confidence and inner peace, as well as harmony with society. God says about such people:
“Nay! Whoever submits themselves to God while they are in a kind manner, their reward resides in the presence of their Master. They neither fear nor grieve.” (al-Baqarah 2:112)
In the verse above, the verb “to submit oneself (to God)” is the root of the word “Islam,” which means “submission (to God).” Therefore, “Islam” is the name for “the lifestyle in which people voluntarily and unconditionally submit to God’s rulings.” According to the Qur’an, all prophets, from Adam to Muhammad (peace be upon them), were people who submitted to God. In Arabic, someone who submits to God is called a “Muslim.”
“Abraham was neither a Jew nor a Christian. He was an upright person who submitted himself to God. “ (Al-e Imran 3:67)
“Do you say that Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and their descendants were Jews or Christians? Say (to them): “Do you know better, or does God?” Who is more wrong-doing than he who conceals a truth which has been shown to him by God? God is never heedless of what you are doing.” (Al-Baqarah 2:140)
From the information above we can conclude that Islam is the only religion that God has ever established. This is confirmed in the Quran:
“The religion in the sight of God is Islam (submission to God).” (Al-e Imran 3:19)
Therefore, since the creation of humankind, all believers who have lived by God’s laws have ever been Muslims.
CAN WE FORCE OUR FAITH OR RITUALS ON OTHERS?
Faith is confidence, or trust in a person or thing [4]. The essence of religion is faith in God, and the basis of faith is the approval of the heart. No one can be made to have confidence or trust in something through coercion because the heart must willingly accept it. The heart is the inner realm where individuals are fully free. Even the most authoritative regimes cannot force someone to believe or trust in something if their heart is unwilling. Coercion only leads to hypocrisy, which the Qur’an strongly criticizes. The 256th verse of Surah Al-Baqarah emphasizes that there is no room for coercion in religion:
“There can not be any type of coercion in religion. Facts are made distinct from fiction. Whoever rejects the transgressors and trusts in God, certainly has held onto the firmest handle, which never breaks. God is all-listening, all-knowing.” (al-Baqarah 2:256)
This verse underscores a fundamental principle in an Islamic society: No coercion in religion!
No one is allowed to force anyone to follow God’s commands, and neither Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was. In the Quran, God decrees addressing Prophet Muhammad (PBUH):
“We know well what they say. You are not a dictator over them. So, inform them of the Quran whoever fears My promise (that the Day of Judgment and Hereafter are the truth).” (Qaf 50:45)
Accordingly, no one can dictate any belief or practice to others. The only duty is to communicate the Qur’an’s message in a way people can understand, allowing them to make their own choices:
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) never forced people to fast, pray, cover their hair, or perform any religious practice. Indeed he said: “Actions are (judged) by motives (niyyah), so each person will have what they intended” [5].
So, a true Islamic law has no place for enforcing beliefs or practices. Trying to impose religious practices on people will only result in hypocrisy, which is more harmful to believers than having honest non-Muslim groups in a society.
We have noted that upright religion is the combination of natural law and the laws of nature. Acting against them would be spreading corruption on the earth, and God dislikes it. So, people are not allowed to do that:
“Whenever they hold a position of authority, they endeavor to disturb the order of earth and to destroy resources and to exterminate nations (progenies). God does not like corruption.” (al-Baqarah 2:205)
In conclusion, everyone is free to choose their lifestyle as long as it does not harm others or disrupt the natural balance in the world and society.
IS HUMAN SINFUL AT BIRTH?
In the natural world, everything begins in an unblemished and pure state. Since humans are also part of nature, every newborn is inherently pure and innocent. God’s verses in divine scriptures do not directly address children, indicating that they are not held accountable by God until they reach puberty. Thus, not only is a newborn pure, but a child who has not yet reached puberty is also innocent:
“God has brought you out of your mothers’ wombs; you knew nothing then. He has granted you the ability to listen, foresight and hearts that make decisions, so that you may fulfill your duties.” (an-Nahl 16:78)
Furthermore, the almighty God decrees that nobody bears another person’s burden both in the Quran and in previous Scriptures:
“No burden-bearer can bear another one’s burden. If someone weighed down calls for help to bear his load, none of it will be borne for him, even by his closest relative.” (al-Fatir 35:18)
“That no burden-bearer can bear another one’s burden.” (an-Najm 53:38)
“The soul who sins shall die. The son shall not suffer for the iniquity of the father, nor the father shall suffer for the iniquity of the son. The righteousness of the righteous shall be upon himself, and the wickedness of the wicked shall be upon himself.” (Ezekiel 18:20)
“For every man shall bear his own burden.” (Galatians 6:5)
No one is born sinful or carries another person’s sin. Moreover, what would be the point of free will if we were held accountable for a sin we didn’t commit and didn’t choose to bear?
DO YOU ABANDON JESUS (PBUH) WHEN YOU EMBRACE THE ISLAMIC FAITH?
Jesus (PBUH) is a valuable messenger of God, a Word, and a Spirit from Him (4:171). He is one of the most often mentioned prophets in the Quran. His mother Mary is also highly respected and is described as an obedient woman who preserved her chastity and confirmed God’s words and Scriptures (66:12).
The miracles Jesus (PBUH) performed by the authorization of God are mentioned in various verses, one of them being:
“When Jesus came to the Children of Israel as a messenger (he said): ‘I have come to you with a sign (miracle) from your Master. I create an idol of bird out of clay and then breathe into it, and it turns out to be a real bird by God’s permission. I heal the blind from birth and the leper, and I bring the dead back to life by God’s permission, and I announce to you what you eat and what you store up in your houses. Surely, in each of these, there is a sign (miracle) for you if you are believers.'” (The Quran 3:49)
The name Jesus is mostly qualified as “Jesus the Messiah”, or “Jesus the son of Mary” in the Quran. He does not command people to worship him but to worship one God only. This is in perfect harmony with what He preaches about God in the Bible:
” Jesus replied: ‘This is the most important: ‘Hear O Israel, the Lord our God is One Lord.’ “ (Mark 12:29)
In conclusion, you do not -and cannot- abandon Jesus when you take to the Islamic faith because He is one of the most honorable prophets sent by God.
For further reading about Jesus in the Quran, please refer to:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/non-muslims/do-you-abandon-jesus-pbuh-when-you-embrace-the-islamic-faith.html
WHAT IS IN THE QUR’AN ABOUT OTHER DIVINE BOOKS?
The Quran attests confirmation to the previous divine Scriptures and preserves the fundamentals of their content:
“He has sent down to you the Book which includes the whole truth and confirms the previous ones. He had also sent down the Torah and the Gospel.” (Al-e Imran 3:3)
These verses indicate that some rulings from previous scriptures are upheld in the Quran, while others have been updated with provisions that are easier to follow. The almighty God decrees:
“If We supersede a verse or cause it to be forgotten, we bring a better one or an equivalent one. Do you not know that God is the establisher of the measure of all things?” (Al-Baqarah 2:106)
“He has ordained for you that religion which He commended unto Noah, and that which We sent down to you (Muhammad), and that which We commended unto Abraham and Moses and Jesus, saying: Keep up the religion and be not divided therein! ” (Ash-Shura 42:13)
The following verse also informs that the Qur’an contains the messages sent to previous communities:
“Or have they adopted other deities, placing them between themselves and Him? Say: “Produce your proof! This is the message of those with me and the message of those before me.” But most of them do not know the truth, so they turn away.” (Al-Anbiya 21:24)
For further information on the relation between divine books, please see:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/the-quran-the-final-link-of-divine-revelation.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/research/the-expected-chief-cornerstone.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/research/a-prophet-like-moses.html
To see an example of “supersession of a command”, please read:
http://www.islamandquran.org/research/abrogation-and-punishment-of-stoning.html
ARE THE TORAH AND THE GOSPEL ALTERED?
Most Islamic scholars do not view the Torah or the Gospel as divine Books, even though the Quran reiterates in several verses that the Scriptures given to Moses and Jesus still contain guidance and light:
“They did not duly appraise God with His true appraisal when they said, “God has not sent down anything to any human being.” Say, “Who sent down the Book that Moses brought as a light and guidance for humankind, which you make into parchments that you display while concealing much (of it)? You and your forefathers were taught that which you knew not (before it).” Say, “God (sent it down),” then leave them to play at their vain discourse”. (al-An’am 6:91)
The Torah served as the Scripture by which former prophets judged the Jews:
“We have sent down the Torah containing guidance and light. The prophets who had submitted themselves (to God) judged the Jews by it, and (so did) the devoted ones and scholars because they were entrusted the protection of the Book of God and they were witnesses to it (that it is from God).” (al-Ma’idah 5:44)
God granted the Gospel to Jesus and also taught him the Torah (Al-e Imran 3:48) because the Gospel did not abolish but rather confirmed most of the rulings in the Torah while bringing easier provisions regarding some topics:
“We had Jesus, the son of Mary, follow in their footsteps to confirm what had come before him from the Torah and We gave him the Gospel which contains guidance and light, to confirm what he already had in the Torah, and as guidance and advice for those who refrain from doing wrong.” (al-Ma’idah 5:46)
Prophet Jesus (peace be upon him) was also responsible for adhering to the commandments given to the previous Israelite prophets:
“Think not that I have come to abolish the Law and the Prophets; I have come not to abolish them but to fulfill them.” (Matthew 5:17)
After the revelation of the Quran, It has become the only divine Book according to which any judgment must be made:
“And unto you (O, Muhammad) have We revealed this Book (Qur’an) with the truth, confirming and protecting whatever Book was revealed before It. So, judge between them by that which God has revealed, and follow not their desires forsaking the truth which has come to you. For each, We have appointed special provisions and a clear way. Had God created (otherwise), He could have made you one community. But (He did this so) that He may try you by that which He has granted to you. So race with one another in good works. To God, you will all return, and He will then inform you of that on which you disagreed. ” (al-Ma’idah 5:48)
For further details, please refer to:
https://www.islamandquran.org/research/are-the-torah-and-the-gospel-altered.html
WAS THE QURAN SENT TO ARABS ONLY?
The Almighty God decrees:
“This (Qur’an) is a manifestation for humankind and guidance and admonition for those who refrain from doing wrong”. (Al-e Imran 3:138)
As clearly understood from this verse, the Quran has been sent to all the people on the earth, not to Arabs only.
WHAT IS JIHAD?
There is a special significance to the word “jihad” in the context of relations with non-Muslims. Misinformation about the description of “jihad”, as well as inaccurate Islamic edicts issued about it, are the main causes behind Islamophobia today.
The word “jihad: جهاد” stems from the root “(j-h-d) جهد,” meaning “striving.” It encompasses various acts. Jihad involves upholding and conveying the truth, despite challenges. The Quran illustrates this broader definition, indicating that jihad includes intellectual and spiritual struggles, not just physical combat:
“So do not obey the disbelievers, and strive against them (jaahidhum) with this (Book) a great striving.” (Al-Furqan/The Criterion 25:52)
This verse underscores the multifaceted nature of jihad, emphasizing the struggle to uphold and convey divine truth.
Even though jihad may include warfare, there are specific words such as, “qital/muqaatalah” to refer to battle or fighting in the Quran. The essence of jihad lies in striving against efforts to suppress truth and convey the message of the Quran. It aims to rectify misconceptions and guide individuals towards understanding and embracing the truth. Jihad is not intended to harm others physically but to address misguided beliefs and save individuals from spiritual peril. For instance, consider the commandment regarding jihad in the Quran:
“And strive (jaahadu) for God in a manner worthy of that striving. He has chosen you and has not placed upon you in the religion any difficulty. (It is) the religion of your father, Abraham.” (Al-Hajj/ The Pilgrimage 22:78)
This verse demonstrates that jihad extends beyond physical conflict, as exemplified by Prophet Abraham’s (PBUH) efforts to combat false beliefs without resorting to violence. We know from verse 3:67 that the religion of Abraham was also Islam. Considering the verse above, we can conclude that jihad may include fighting when required, but its primary objective is to uphold and convey divine truth. There are only a few occasions when believers are supposed to fight, and these occasions are explained in verses 60:8-9 in the article below:
http://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/relations-with-nonmuslims.html
As additional reading:
http://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/is-islam-a-religion-of-war-or-peace.html
SHOULD DISBELIEVERS, INFIDELS, OR APOSTATES BE KILLED?
The Quran does not sanction the killing of individuals based on disbelief or apostasy. Rather, it emphasizes tolerance and patience in the face of differing beliefs. For instance:
“A group of the Experts in the Book says: :’At the beginning of the day (say that you) believe in what has been sent down to those who believe, and at the end of the day reject it (become kafir). Perhaps they also return (from their belief).'” (Al-e Imran 3:72)
These are the words of a group of people who lived in Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) era. This verse underscores that apostasy is not a crime punishable by death. The Quran promotes forgiveness and the possibility of individuals returning to their beliefs.
Indeed, the only case that may end in death punishment is when a person kills another human being for no rightful reason:
“And do not kill any soul that God has made inviolable, except by right. And whoever is killed unjustly – We have given his/her guardian the authority, but let him not exceed limits in taking life. Indeed, he has been helped (by God’s law).” (Al-Isra 17:33).
For further clarification on the topic of apostasy and its consequences, refer to:
https://www.islamandquran.org/common-mistakes/punishment-for-apostasy-in-islam.html
DOES BLASPHEMY JUSTIFY AGGRESSION TOWARDS NON-MUSLIMS?
Blasphemy, while disrespectful, does not warrant aggression or violence against non-Muslims. The Quran acknowledges that Muslims may encounter disparaging remarks from others and emphasizes perseverance and steadfastness:
“It is for sure that; you will be put to a hard test in the matters of your possessions and lives, and you will frequently hear discomforting words from those who were granted the Book before you and from those who interpose others between themselves and God. If you persevere by refraining from doing wrong (you will succeed in the test). Yet, this is a matter of strong determination.” (Al-e Imran 3:186)
This verse highlights the inevitability of facing challenging circumstances, including verbal insults. However, it encourages Muslims to respond with patience and righteousness rather than aggression.
In cases of blasphemy, adherence to the Quranic commandments is paramount. Muslims are called to maintain composure and respond with dignity and grace. For more guidance on responding to blasphemy, refer to:
http://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/muslim-response-to-blasphemy.html
IS ISLAM A MISOGYNISTIC FAITH?
Many people perceive Islam as misogynistic due to negative media portrayals and stereotypes. Cultural practices in some Muslim-majority countries, often mistaken for religious mandates, contribute to this perception. Additionally, a lack of understanding of the diversity within the Muslim world leads to generalized assumptions.
In reality, the Quran favors women:
-Although Eve is the main character in the Bible blamed for being expelled from the Garden of Eden, the Quran blames both Adam and Eve, but primarily Adam who was “not perseverant enough” (The Quran 20:115).
-Women have the same obligations towards God and will have the same rewards as men (4:124, 9:71, 16:97, 33:35).
-Motherhood and its difficulties are mentioned in the Quran more than once (2:233, 31:14, 46:15), in addition to parenthood.
-Women are described as “alluring” to humankind (3:14). This allure is not limited to men; women also experience envy towards one another. Consequently, a woman’s body is considered an adornment (ziynat) in itself and therefore needs to be covered (24:31).
-The woman gets paid by her husband as a gift for her marriage (4:4), and her husband is responsible for sustaining her (4:34) throughout their marriage. God commands men to get along with women in a good manner and to expect goodness even if they don’t like them anymore (4:19).
– In case a husband accuses her wife of adultery, he must produce four witnesses against his wife (4:15), but such an obligation does not apply against men. This is how Allah protects women and commands them to protect themselves in the absence of other people (4:34).
-A divorced woman bears no responsibility towards the children. She can live her own life, and the father is responsible for the childcare. She can look after them only if she wants, and the father is still responsible for all the financial burden of the children.
Many other misconceptions about women in Islam are debunked in the following articles:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/marriage/does-god-permit-beating-wives.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/are-child-marriages-permissible-in-islam.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/obedience-to-husband.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/common-mistakes/testimony-of-women.html
IS POLYGAMY THE NORM IN ISLAM?
Polygamy, or more accurately termed “limited polygyny,” has been a topic of scrutiny concerning Islam. Critics often highlight Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) multiple marriages while overlooking his monogamous marriage to Khadija (RA) which lasted for 25 years. Each of Prophet Muhammad’s marriages had specific reasons:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/marriages-of-prophet-muhammad.html
Monogamy is the recommended lifestyle in the Quran, but limited polygyny is not prohibited, as it may address certain social issues. The Quran allows polygyny under specific conditions and recommends monogamy:
“If you fear that you might not be able to act rightfully towards the orphans, then marry from among other women you like, two, three, or four. If you fear that you can not maintain justice, marry only one (free) woman or a captive woman. This way, it is less likely that you do wrong.” (an-Nisa 4:3)
For a detailed explanation please refer to: https://www.islamandquran.org/research/polygamy-in-the-quran-and-in-the-modern-day.html
ARE CHILD MARRIAGES PERMISSIBLE IN ISLAM?
According to the Quran, marriage is contingent upon reaching maturity, which differs from puberty. The Quran stipulates testing children until they attain maturity before transferring their property:
“Test the orphans extensively until they reach marriageable age. Then if you perceive maturity (rushd : رُشد) in them, release their properties to them. ” (An-Nisa/ The Women 4:6)
The verse indicates that children should be tested periodically to assess their ability to manage their wealth. This is what we refer to as ‘standing on one’s own feet’ today. A person must be trained well before being put to such a test. Through this verse, we see that parents or guardians of children must train them in a way to ensure that they can manage their wealth, thus standing on their own feet. This definition of maturity presented in the Qur’an is also the description of maturity in practice today.
Though the age may vary, having attained maturity doubtlessly occurs after puberty. According to the verse, the marriageable age is when people attain maturity because it is obvious that marriage brings along many responsibilities that only a mature person can undertake. Being able to manage money is an evaluable criterion regarding maturity. For further evidence on the age of marriage according to the Quran, please refer to the following link:
http://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/are-child-marriages-permissible-in-islam.html
Considering this and other conditions mentioned in the Quran, it is clear that child marriages are not permissible.
DO WOMEN HAVE TO OBEY THEIR HUSBANDS IN MARRIAGE?
In Islam, obedience is owed to God and His Messenger (Nisa 4/13,14,69,80; Ma’idah 92). Both men and women are instructed to be submissive to God:
“The men who are submissive to God (Muslim men) and the women who are submissive to God (Muslim women), and the believing men and the believing women, and the obedient men and the obedient women…” (Al-Ahzab 33:35)
If women are expected to obey their husbands, then who should men obey according to this verse? Their wives? No! Both men and women are required to obey God.
For further details please read:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/obedience-to-husband.html
CAN A HUSBAND BEAT HIS WIFE ACCORDING TO VERSE 4:34?
The Quran instructs husbands to treat their wives with kindness and fairness, and to live with them according to the rulings of God:
“And get along with women according to ma’ruf (the known terms).” (An-Nisa 4:19)
“Ma’ruf” refers to well-known standards of good conduct. The source of that knowledge is either the Qur’an or the traditions that are not against the rulings in the Qur’an. So, men are required to get along with their wives in the best possible way according to this verse. Apparently, beating women cannot be included in “ma’ruf”.
In every family, husband, wife, and even children may oppose one another. Each of them may covet the other’s rights, rebel against each other, cause discord, or even be hostile toward each other. That is natural. God gives the necessary directions to be happy and in peace, even in such cases:
“Oh, you who believe, some of your spouses and children may be hostile towards you, so beware of them! Yet if you pardon and start with a clean slate and forgive them, then surely God is the Most Forgiving, the Most Beneficent.” (at-Taghabun 64:14)
That means familial issues, even to the extent of hostility, are resolved not through violence but through mutual understanding and forgiveness. Verse 4:34 addresses women’s unilateral right to divorce, not permission for husbands to beat their wives. Traditional Islamic rulings have misinterpreted this verse, depriving women of their single-sided divorce rights. Women could easily use this right during the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his Companions.
For a comprehensive analysis of verse 4:34 and women’s rights, refer to:
https://www.islamandquran.org/research/does-god-permit-beating-wives.html
HOW DOES DIVORCE TAKE PLACE ACCORDING TO THE QURAN?
The Quran provides clear guidelines for divorce, recognizing that marriages may sometimes fail to fulfill their intended purpose. Since marriage is a solemn agreement (4:21) between two persons, ending it is as serious as starting. Both husbands and wives have the right to initiate divorce. When women seek divorce, it requires supervision due to the Mehr (bridal gift) they receive upon marriage. This assures the protection of women’s rights during the process of divorce as well. Witnesses must be present at each stage of the process whether initiated by men or women. For detailed explanations of divorce procedures for both men and women, please refer to:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/conditions-of-a-proper-divorce.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/common-mistakes/iftidaa-womens-right-to-divorce.html
TESTIMONY OF WOMEN
The Quran emphasizes the importance of eyewitnesses in significant events such as marriage, divorce, legal cases, and financial agreements. Witnesses must be fair and just, free from personal biases, and committed to upholding the principles of justice:
“You who believe, for the sake of God be constant in your devotion and bear witness rightfully. Do not let the hatred of a group of people lead you away from justice, but adhere to justice, for that is nearer to refraining from wrongs. Refrain from doing wrong regarding God. God is well aware of all that you do.” (al-Maidah 5:8)”
The minimum requirements for testimony are outlined in Qur’an 5:106-108, with no distinction between genders. Therefore, two reliable witnesses of any gender are sufficient for marriage, divorce, inheritance, Qisas (which may result in capital punishment), Sariqa (which may require hand amputation), or any cases other than debt agreements. The only exception is debt agreements, as mentioned in Qur’an 2:282, which require either two men or one man and two women as witnesses. This exception aims to alleviate the burden on women in financial matters considering that they can be more vulnerable to financial abuse and oppression because they are supposed to be sustained by their husbands, fathers, or brothers. For more details about women’s testimony, please read:
https://www.islamandquran.org/common-mistakes/testimony-of-women.html
WHY ARE THERE SO MANY SECTS? DO WE HAVE TO FOLLOW THEM?
The formation of various sects occurred over time following the passing of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). These sects could be seen as different schools of thought for practicing certain rituals of Islam. However, the current situation in the Muslim world indicates that sects often serve political purposes, leading to division within the Muslim community. As a result, Muslims may adopt identities associated with specific sects rather than the unified identity of “Muslim.”
God repeatedly disapproves of dividing Muslims into opposing parties, sects, or groups (see Qur’an 3:103, 6:159, 30:32, 42:13) and decrees that He has given the name “Muslims” to all believers:
“(…) He named you Muslims before, and in this (Quran), that the messenger may be a model to you and you be models to others. (…)” (al-Hajj 22:78)
A Muslim should not adopt another name rather than “Muslim”. Muslims should identify themselves as God has named them and adhere to the manner ordained by God.
PRINCIPLES IN SOCIAL RELATIONS (x – not reviewed)
The Quran provides comprehensive guidance on social conduct, emphasizing principles of equality, justice, and compassion. Believers are urged to uphold these principles in their interactions, fostering mutual respect and understanding. By adhering to these teachings, individuals contribute to the establishment of a just and harmonious society.
No human being is inherently superior to another based on factors like gender, race, lineage, or wealth. True superiority lies in “taqwa” – refraining from wrongdoing. In God’s sight, only people having taqwa are superior to others. So, Islam, in no way can be used as a justification for racism or discrimination against any group or gender of people.
God prohibits spreading gossip, maligning others, and seeking to learn people’s secrets. Such behavior only fosters discord and violates the principle of goodwill among people. The Quran condemns publicizing others’ faults without a just cause. Believers are urged to treat one another with respect and compassion, refraining from ridicule or offensive speech. Criticism should be constructive, aimed at rectifying wrongdoing rather than belittling others. Islam emphasizes mutual understanding and forgiveness in human relations.
The Quran outlines prohibitions and commandments essential for maintaining societal harmony and individual righteousness. For further information and to see the relevant verses follow the link:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/community-life/quranic-principles-on-social-relations.html
THE PERTINENCE OF PUNISHMENT TO THE CRIME IN GOD’S LAW
(x – not reviewed)
The Almighty God decrees punishments for evil acts:
“Whoever commits an evil shall not be requited except with its equivalent; but whoever acts righteously, whether male or female, while they are believers—such shall enter the Garden, and they will be provided for therein without account.” (Al-Ghafir 40:40)
“The requital of an evil (deed) is an equivalent evil (punishment). Whoever forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is given by God. Indeed, He does not like the wrongdoers.” (Ash-Shura 42:40)
Let us try to understand these verses better:
In our daily lives, when a person accidentally damages some property, he normally replaces the damaged items with new ones -if available- and this incident is called “an accident”. If the damage was done intentionally, then this incident can be called “an evil deed” that requires punishment. The punishment must be different from “replacing the damaged property only” because it is the justification for the damage in an accident, not a punishment to the criminal who damages the property intentionally. If the criminal pays a compensation fee that is equivalent to the value of that property in addition to replacing it with a new one, this would be a punishment equivalent to the misdeed he has committed.
Keeping this analogy in mind, we can understand the fairness of the punishments ordained in God’s law.
Property and life are inviolable according to the Quran:
“You who believe, do not wrongfully consume each other’s wealth except through trade by mutual consent. Do not kill yourselves, for God is gracious to you.” (an-Nisa 4:29).
“And do not kill the soul which God has forbidden, except by right. And whoever is killed unjustly – We have given his/her protector the authority, but let him not exceed limits in taking life. Indeed, he has been helped (by God’s law).” (Al-Isra 17:33).
Lives and properties are under the protection of laws set by God. Punishments in God’s laws are strictly correlated to crimes. It is prescribed that the criminal has to recompense the victims’ losses whenever compensation applies. The equivalent of the loss is also covered by the criminal as punishment. Yet, God advises reconciliation and forgiveness in all the cases that apply. He also promises a multiplied reward to those who forgive or reconcile.
In God’s law, punishments do not only deter but also cause the criminal to suffer an equivalent loss so that the criminal fully understands the results of his deeds. Safety of life and property is thus guaranteed by the law. Therefore, people feel safe and secure in the society they live. Further details about the most controversial issues, such as Qisas -which may end in capital punishment-, and the punishments for theft and many other crimes are on the following link:
http://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/pertinence-of-crime-and-punishment-in-sharia-law.html
THE IMPORTANCE OF TESTIMONY
The principles about witnesses and testimony in the Quran also serve to set the balance between crime and punishment. A person who is known to lie is not accepted as an eyewitness by jurisdiction from then on. This is a huge risk to take for a person because it means a permanent black mark on one’s reputation. So, people would have to be honest, at least, to protect their reputation.
In God’s law, the rich, the poor, the noble, or the ordinary people are always judged equally and justly. Even the governors/rulers have to submit themselves to the law of God so that they can be judged freely:
“You who believe, be maintainers of rightfulness by bearing witness for the sake of God, even if it is against yourselves, your parents, or your close relatives; whether the person is rich or poor. God is closer to them (than your closeness to them). Do not follow your own desire so that you can act justly. If you distort (the truth) or evade (testimony), (know that) God is fully aware of what you do.” (an-Nisa 4:135)
“You who believe, be constantly upright for God, equitably bearing witness to the truth. Do not let the hatred of a group of people lead you into deviating from justice, but adhere to justice, for that is closest to refraining from wrongs. Be mindful of God: God is well aware of all that you do.” (al-Maidah 5:8)
HOW DID THE QURAN ABOLISH SLAVERY?
Slavery During the Quranic Revelation Era
During the time of the Quran’s revelation, slavery was a widespread practice. Victorious parties in wars often enslaved large numbers of captives. The children of slaves were also considered slaves and remained so until their death or until they were freed by their owners. Another method of enslavement was the abduction of vulnerable individuals, a practice unjustifiable by the laws or customs of any era.
The Battle of Badr and Quranic Guidance
Muslims faced their first battle at Badr. Prior to this battle, Almighty God revealed the following verse:
“When you meet those who ignore (in battle), smite their necks until you suppress them. Then cordon (the rest of) them off strictly; thereafter set them (the captives) free, either by an act of grace or against ransom. Do this, so that the burden of war is laid down.” (Muhammad 47:4)
This verse clearly instructs the release of captives either as an act of grace or in exchange for ransom. Releasing captives alleviates the enemy’s burden and prevents the justification of further conflict. Additionally, God has decreed:
“Good and evil are not equal. Repel evil with good, and the person who was your enemy becomes like an intimate friend. (Fussilat 41:34)
Prohibition of Enslavement
According to these verses, the enslavement of captives is unequivocally forbidden. Muslims are required to free captives in one of the two prescribed ways. This directive effectively ended the practice of enslavement before the first battle in Islamic history. Furthermore, the following verse reinforces the principle that no one can be another’s slave, as all people are equal in God’s sight:
“Oh humankind, We have created you from a male and female, and we have set you up as nations and tribes so that you may recognize one another. In God’s sight, the most honored of you are those who farthest refrain from doing wrong. God is all-knowing, all-aware.” (al-Hujurat 49:13)
For more information on the rulings regarding captives and the immoral act of using female captives as sex slaves, please visit:
https://www.islamandquran.org/common-mistakes/battle-captives-and-concubinage.html
PRINCIPLES ABOUT INHERITANCE (x – not reviewed)
It is common misinformation that Muslims can make a will about the shares of inheritance they are going to leave behind. They must rather spend their wealth fairly during their lifetime because the shares of inheritance are determined in the Qur’an precisely:
“When death comes to one of you, and he/she (the deceased) leaves any properties behind, it is prescribed as a duty for those among you who refrain from doing wrong to divide it among the parents and closest relatives according to known terms (of division). The sin is upon those who change the rates of the division after hearing this. God is all-listening, all-knowing. If the person who distributes (the inheritance) has fears about being biased towards some of the heirs or falling into error, and he/she thus reconciles the heirs, it is not considered an error on behalf of him/her. Surely, God is forgiving and beneficent.” (al-Baqarah 2:180-182)
As we see above, the shares of inheritance are determined by God, and it is a sin to change them.
The shares are decreed by God in verses 11-12 of Surah an-Nisa. However, mistranslating the word “wasiyyah : oral admittance of debt” as “bequest” causes these shares to be modified. To learn more about inheritance according to the Quran and further details about controversial issues, please read:
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/inheritance.html
https://www.islamandquran.org/fatwas/why-men-inherit-twice-the-women.html
PRINCIPLES IN BUSINESS LIFE AND ECONOMICS
Economics in a state governed according to God’s law can only be based on ‘zakat’. Interest must be absolutely forbidden in the financial system. Zakat has to be the only tax collected from the folk. It is decreed that only the rich have to pay taxes. Being rich is also well-defined in Islam. Those who have more than a certain amount [7] of money or commodity, after having met their basic needs and paid off their debts, are considered rich. Then, tax is collected from those who can afford and it is distributed to the needy regularly and justly. So, the basic needs of all people are met.
The almighty God has sent down a separate chapter named “gold (az-zukhruf)” in the Quran, and He has mentioned silver along with gold to be “alluring” for humankind (Al-e Imran, 3:14). That means, God has designed them to be valuable, and thus we call them “precious” metals. Then, money must be made of gold and silver. Doing so naturally prevents the probability of an inflation rate increase and provides a solid basis for the worth of money. In such an economy, devaluation would be out of the question. Thus, no country could be bankrupted by any other’s hands.
In an economy where interest is forbidden, production and trade would be the only choices to make money. So, both production and trade are automatically encouraged. This brings along continuous growth in the market, thus improving the economy.
Those who need to borrow money can borrow it from people without interest by making written solemn agreements. Lending without interest is encouraged in the Quran. It is described as “loaning to God” and its reward is said to be multiplied many times by God:
“Whoever kindly gives out a loan to God, God increases its repayment multiplying by many times. God is the One Who restricts and Who expands. After all, you will be returned to His presence.” (al-Baqarah 2:245)
If the debtor cannot pay back his debt, the debtee may count it as a donation and subtract that amount from his due tax (zakat).
[1] According to al-Ahkaf 46/15, “the mother carries human and weans him/her in 30 months”. According to al-Baqarah 2/233 weaning takes two full years, which is 24 months. We can understand from here that the time a fetus spends in the mother’s womb as a “human being” is six months. We know that the average pregnancy period is 9 months and 10 days. That means, God breathes from His spirit into the fetus when it is 3 months and 10 days old, thus grants the fetus the special attributes of a human being. Until this stage when the spirit is breathed, the fetus cannot be called a human being.
[2] al-Ayn
[3] https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/natural_law
[4] http://www.wordreference.com/definition/faith
[5] 40 Hadith Nawawi, 1
[6] This is called the incident of “A-lastu bi rabbikum”. However, traditionalists attribute this incident to a time when they allege that all souls were created. This claim contradicts the verse which states that the soul is breathed into the body after the fetus is shaped (as-Sajda 32:9).
[7] This amount is called “nisab”: 85 grams of gold, or 595 grams of silver, or an equal amount of money or commodities”
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